Tuesday, December 23, 2008

Brazilian Inflation, or Deflation, and The Petrobras effect.


(Ilha Bela, S.P.)

Journalist Celso Ming published an interesting report on Saturday in the Tribuna de Santos newspaper. Inflation in Brazil has dropped steadily lately as measured by official indices, the latest being the IPCA-15, which measures rates between the 15th day of each month.


The latest reading was 0.29% till December 15th, which follows a drop in November. Gasoline prices however, have been kept steady in the country by Petrobras (PBR). Last night, prices were R2.43 here in Santos, approximately USD 1 per liter, which is the same price it was when oil was USD 120 per barrel.

The good news is that the rise of the USD is not being passed to prices, with the immediate implication that interest rates will fall at the next bank meeting on Jan 21st. There is certainly significant room for rates to drop, unlike in the US. Rates are very high here for two reasons:

1. fear of internal consumption being greater than supply

2. flow-through of the higher USD into internal prices.


Regarding 1 (consumption), supply has actually increased as goods cannot be sold overseas and must find a market internally. Consumption has decreased as some jobs have been lost, and consumers are very cautious with all the talk of a global crisis. Regarding 2 (higher USD), higher prices cannot be passed on to the consumer because merchandise would simply not sell.


Therefore, it is certainty that rates will drop at the next meeting in January.


In addition, should PBR drop gas prices, inflation would be much lower, perhaps even in deflation territory.


PBR is therefore an obstacle here for inflation and for interest rates to drop.







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Monday, December 22, 2008


Posted from Santos, S.P., Brazil.







The Shocked Investor is currently in Brazil and will return in early January. Several interesting news on the Brazilian economy will be posted soon. Amazingly, some sectors of the economy are still booming here.

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Thursday, December 11, 2008

The Ultra ETFs Should Not Be Used For Long Term Holding. How to Make Money With Them

Ultra (2X) long or short ETFs have proliferated in recent years, and several have appeared in recent months, including 3X funds. There are now ETFs that give you double exposure on pretty much any segment of the market: gold miners and bullion, oil, financials, S&P500, Dow, etc.

These ultra ETFs are great if the market goes up or down and has no volatility in terms of ups and down days. In fact, theoretically, you'd make money buy buying both the long and the short ETFs as a paired trade. The reason is very simple. If you invest say $10,000 in both a long and short ETF, and the underlying index goes up by 1% every day for 10 days, the long version will be worth $x and the short ETF holdings will be worth $. In total, you'd have $x for your investment of $20,000. This is because your wins compound and get bigger and bigger, and your losses get smaller and smaller. After 1 day you have earned and lost $200 on each of the ETFs. On the 2nd day, however, you gain $204 on the long ETF but you only lose $96 on the short ETF. The gain is larger because it is now applied on a larger principal ($10,20), and the loss is smaller because it is applied on a smaller principal ($98,00). And so on.

The same thing happens if the market only drops, in this case, the short ETFs keeps getting exponentially bigger and bigger. Here are some of the initial points:



After 60 days you would have a total of $35,203.00, a gain of 76% over the initial $20,000.00 invested.

This charts shows what would happens in this scenario:



Clearly, taking a position on both the long and the short ERTF pays off, regardless of market direction. It is in a sense a timeless straddle. The only loss is due to MER, but there are also gains due to dividends and interests earned on the various derivatives used to achieve the 2X returns.


Now, what happens however, if there is great volatility, and the market goes up and down. Take a look at this extreme scenario, where the market goes up 1% one day, then down 1% the next, and then alternate doing this for 60 days.




At the end of 60 days you would have a total of $19,769.99, a small loss of 1.15%. Here is the chart, you can barely see the decline:




But is this what happens in practice? In the vast majority of cases, no. In fact, for the long run, it's almost guaranteed that this will not happen and capital will be lost. I wrote a piece of software that analyzes all these funds. It has ran over millions of data points.

Here are the various performances of the paired ETFs:




(please click on chart to enlarge)

The ETF issuers claim that this poor performance is due to daily resets and compounding. Daily resets are necessary so that the exposure of each fund remains at 2X or 3X on both the long and short side. This is not the issue, after each day the performance should still track 2X or 3X the underlying index. Compounding does have an effect if the fund keeps oscillating up and down every day, but, as seen above, this effect is small and nowhere near the large losses seen in practice.

WINNING LONG TERM STRATEGY

Based on the data and performance, a probable winning strategy with these ETFs is to short the pair of ETFs: short both the long and the short ETF. If you had done this with all the above ETFs, not counting the gains of DTO and DXO, you would have gained an average of 18%.

DTO and DXO are too new and have been on a trending environment (oil declining). It is likely only a matter of time until its performance degrades, just like all the others.


These ETFs are great for trading in and out if you get the market direction right, just as placing bets on red and black are at a Casino roulette is.

Just like a casino, you know what happens when someone keeps playing for a long time. The house always wins.


Charts of paired trades since inception (please click on images to enlarge):


SDS-SSO:




You can see that SDS managed a gain of about 36%, while SSO had a very big loss of around 63%.


DXD-DDM:

'

TWM-UWM:




SKF-UYG:





QID-QLD:



BGU-BGZ:



TZA-TNA:


'

FZA-FAS:




ERY-ERX:



DTO-DXO:



CANADIAN ETFs:

HGD-HGU:




HOD-HOU:



HFD-HFU:






HBD-HBU:

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Tuesday, December 9, 2008

Natural Gas, The Trade of The Season

Two weeks ago week natural gas inventories showed an injection of 12 Bcf. This may have been, or is very close to, the last injection of the season. This was followed last week by a drop of 66Bcf. So it appears that inventories have started to decline for the heating season. Historically, prices will rise as the winter progresses.

Natural gas prices have seen a significant collapse after the oil bubble burst in recent months. With the NorthAmerican economy in recession, oil and gas consumption will be smaller than normal.

Natural gas is a potentially very attractive way to park your money. Instead of using money market funds, which in theory are safe (but we know are not now), natural gas offers the possibility of achieving higher returns in a shorter time frame. This can be done when prices rise (winter) or decline (spring, summer), by taking advantage of the ETFs such as UNG, HNU.to and HND.to (which are 2X leveraged).

Chart of inventories (storage):



(please click on image to enlarge)

Latest Storage data:



Price of UNG ETF:



The chart shows that last year the cycle low was in December 2007.

Chart of HNU.to (2X natural gas ETF):





Nothing on the stock market is without risk. One of the risks wit natural gas is if oil drops to $25. Natural gas may drop further, but in the long run, this is a very safe play as gas in the $5s forces companies in North America to shut production down, thus causing the price direction to reverse.

UNG was trading today around US$ 23.00 and HNU traded around CAD$5.00 (approx. USD$4).

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Monday, November 24, 2008

Straddles Report for November

November options expiration month ended Friday November 21. Similarly to October, the performance of IWM straddles and strangles was impressive. 100% of the straddles and strangles were profitable. Simply put, you could have bought one on any day and any time of the expiration month, including up until the early afternoon of the last day, and it would have been profitable. The figure below shows the performance at some key points in the last 4 weeks of the options month. Note that this month was a 5 week period. The points marked by the chart are particularly interesting as they try to look for worst performing points, not best performing ones.



(please click on chart to expand)

The table below shows numerical results. 4 sets of straddles were analysed for each point:
strikes 15% off the current price of the underlying strikes 10% off strikes 5% off straddles (0% off) The last column shows the ROI (return of investment). Note that all points have positive ROIs. The lowest returns were around October 26 and October 13, with returns between +11% and +65%, and between +43% and +82% respectively. I believe the October 26 period returns were relatively low because the price of IWM at the time was right in the middle of month range, and the premiums were quite high, being so far off the expiration day. For the period around November 13, the reason was the sudden drop on that day, again, making the premiums expensive (due to higher volatility), and because it was followed by a rise and a drop, again, with the position sitting in the middle of the subsequent range. The rise was not enough to make the positions profitable, but the drop was.

Strangles and strangles are highly profitable when there is enough movement either way. If the price of the underlying moves up and then down, or vice-versa, then the position is basically back to square one. This is not good, unless you sold the winning side, in this case, the calls. Selling and repurchasing is quite a valid approach, and can greatly increase profits, but was not considered in this report. In this report we only looked at buy-and-hold positions.
Note that we did not try to optimize the gains shown. For example, Tuesday November 4th would have generated higher gains. We were actually trying to find any losing positions. Because volatility was so extreme, eve straddles bought until the early afternoon of the last day would have been profitable. Note also, that straddles did well even in period of declining volatility. The gains in this case are not as high, but they still occurred (please see the report on this subject last week on this site).



(please click on chart to expand)

N/A positions indicate not enough volume for buying (too far from price of the underlying).

Whether these gains can be repeated is unknown. If volatility remains, then there chances are high.

Here are some charts of IWM and VIX:





Charts of some of the options:




Regarding alternative strategies and optimizing gains, I bought a 41-41 straddle on Thursday PM, the day before expiration. Because the last two days had been so negative, the idea was to capitalize on a rebound on Friday. The 41 puts were sold in the morning at 2.7X gain, the calls expired worthless. The proceeds of the puts were used to buy 38 calls. Because IWM was trading all morning around 38, I sold the 38s at near break even and switched them to 37s as I still wanted intrinsic value before expiration at the end of the day. These were bought at between $1.40 and $1.15. IWM finished the day at $40.64, or $3.64 over the 37 strike. Those calls were sold at a profit, but not at the peak, and a December 30-44 strangle was bought with the proceeds. Had Mr. Obama made his announcement one hour earlier, the profits would have been much higher, but the puts needed to be sold as it was too risky to keep them till 4PM. Risk management is paramount!

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Thursday, November 20, 2008

Inflation Data Since 1914

This is the inflation data since 1914. You may download here as an Excel file.

YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
2008 4.28% 4.03% 3.98% 3.94% 4.18% 5.02% 5.60% 5.37% 4.94% 3.66%
2007 2.08% 2.42% 2.78% 2.57% 2.69% 2.69% 2.36% 1.97% 2.76% 3.54% 4.31% 4.08%
2006 3.99% 3.60% 3.36% 3.55% 4.17% 4.32% 4.15% 3.82% 2.06% 1.31% 1.97% 2.54%
2005 2.97% 3.01% 3.15% 3.51% 2.80% 2.53% 3.17% 3.64% 4.69% 4.35% 3.46% 3.42%
2004 1.93% 1.69% 1.74% 2.29% 3.05% 3.27% 2.99% 2.65% 2.54% 3.19% 3.52% 3.26%
2003 2.60% 2.98% 3.02% 2.22% 2.06% 2.11% 2.11% 2.16% 2.32% 2.04% 1.77% 1.88%
2002 1.14% 1.14% 1.48% 1.64% 1.18% 1.07% 1.46% 1.80% 1.51% 2.03% 2.20% 2.38%
2001 3.73% 3.53% 2.92% 3.27% 3.62% 3.25% 2.72% 2.72% 2.65% 2.13% 1.90% 1.55%
2000 2.74% 3.22% 3.76% 3.07% 3.19% 3.73% 3.66% 3.41% 3.45% 3.45% 3.45% 3.39%
1999 1.67% 1.61% 1.73% 2.28% 2.09% 1.96% 2.14% 2.26% 2.63% 2.56% 2.62% 2.68%
1998 1.57% 1.44% 1.37% 1.44% 1.69% 1.68% 1.68% 1.62% 1.49% 1.49% 1.55% 1.61%
1997 3.04% 3.03% 2.76% 2.50% 2.23% 2.30% 2.23% 2.23% 2.15% 2.08% 1.83% 1.70%
1996 2.73% 2.65% 2.84% 2.90% 2.89% 2.75% 2.95% 2.88% 3.00% 2.99% 3.26% 3.32%
1995 2.80% 2.86% 2.85% 3.05% 3.19% 3.04% 2.76% 2.62% 2.54% 2.81% 2.61% 2.54%
1994 2.52% 2.52% 2.51% 2.36% 2.29% 2.49% 2.77% 2.90% 2.96% 2.61% 2.67% 2.67%
1993 3.26% 3.25% 3.09% 3.23% 3.22% 3.00% 2.78% 2.77% 2.69% 2.75% 2.68% 2.75%
1992 2.60% 2.82% 3.19% 3.18% 3.02% 3.09% 3.16% 3.15% 2.99% 3.20% 3.05% 2.90%
1991 5.65% 5.31% 4.90% 4.89% 4.95% 4.70% 4.45% 3.80% 3.39% 2.92% 2.99% 3.06%
1990 5.20% 5.26% 5.23% 4.71% 4.36% 4.67% 4.82% 5.62% 6.16% 6.29% 6.27% 6.11%
1989 4.67% 4.83% 4.98% 5.12% 5.36% 5.17% 4.98% 4.71% 4.34% 4.49% 4.66% 4.65%
1988 4.05% 3.94% 3.93% 3.90% 3.89% 3.96% 4.13% 4.02% 4.17% 4.25% 4.25% 4.42%
1987 1.46% 2.10% 3.03% 3.78% 3.86% 3.65% 3.93% 4.28% 4.36% 4.53% 4.53% 4.43%
1986 3.89% 3.11% 2.26% 1.59% 1.49% 1.77% 1.58% 1.57% 1.75% 1.47% 1.28% 1.10%
1985 3.53% 3.52% 3.70% 3.69% 3.77% 3.76% 3.55% 3.35% 3.14% 3.23% 3.51% 3.80%
1984 4.19% 4.60% 4.80% 4.56% 4.23% 4.22% 4.20% 4.29% 4.27% 4.26% 4.05% 3.95%
1983 3.71% 3.49% 3.60% 3.90% 3.55% 2.58% 2.46% 2.56% 2.86% 2.85% 3.27% 3.79%
1982 8.39% 7.62% 6.78% 6.51% 6.68% 7.06% 6.44% 5.85% 5.04% 5.14% 4.59% 3.83%
1981 11.83% 11.41% 10.49% 10.00% 9.78% 9.55% 10.76% 10.80% 10.95% 10.14% 9.59% 8.92%
1980 13.91% 14.18% 14.76% 14.73% 14.41% 14.38% 13.13% 12.87% 12.60% 12.77% 12.65% 12.52%
1979 9.28% 9.86% 10.09% 10.49% 10.85% 10.89% 11.26% 11.82% 12.18% 12.07% 12.61% 13.29%
1978 6.84% 6.43% 6.55% 6.50% 6.97% 7.41% 7.70% 7.84% 8.31% 8.93% 8.89% 9.02%
1977 5.22% 5.91% 6.44% 6.95% 6.73% 6.87% 6.83% 6.62% 6.60% 6.39% 6.72% 6.70%
1976 6.72% 6.29% 6.07% 6.05% 6.20% 5.97% 5.35% 5.71% 5.49% 5.46% 4.88% 4.86%
1975 11.80% 11.23% 10.25% 10.21% 9.47% 9.39% 9.72% 8.60% 7.91% 7.44% 7.38% 6.94%
1974 9.39% 10.02% 10.39% 10.09% 10.71% 10.86% 11.51% 10.86% 11.95% 12.06% 12.20% 12.34%
1973 3.65% 3.87% 4.59% 5.06% 5.53% 6.00% 5.73% 7.38% 7.36% 7.80% 8.25% 8.71%
1972 3.27% 3.51% 3.50% 3.49% 3.23% 2.71% 2.95% 2.94% 3.19% 3.42% 3.67% 3.41%
1971 5.29% 5.00% 4.71% 4.16% 4.40% 4.64% 4.36% 4.62% 4.08% 3.81% 3.28% 3.27%
1970 6.18% 6.15% 5.82% 6.06% 6.04% 6.01% 5.98% 5.41% 5.66% 5.63% 5.60% 5.57%
1969 4.40% 4.68% 5.25% 5.52% 5.51% 5.48% 5.44% 5.71% 5.70% 5.67% 5.93% 6.20%
1968 3.65% 3.95% 3.94% 3.93% 3.92% 4.20% 4.49% 4.48% 4.46% 4.75% 4.73% 4.72%
1967 3.46% 2.81% 2.80% 2.48% 2.79% 2.78% 2.77% 2.45% 2.75% 2.43% 2.74% 3.04%
1966 1.92% 2.56% 2.56% 2.87% 2.87% 2.53% 2.85% 3.48% 3.48% 3.79% 3.79% 3.46%
1965 0.97% 0.97% 1.29% 1.62% 1.62% 1.94% 1.61% 1.94% 1.61% 1.93% 1.60% 1.92%
1964 1.64% 1.64% 1.31% 1.31% 1.31% 1.31% 1.30% 0.98% 1.30% 0.97% 1.30% 0.97%
1963 1.33% 1.00% 1.33% 0.99% 0.99% 1.32% 1.32% 1.32% 0.99% 1.32% 1.32% 1.64%
1962 0.67% 1.01% 1.01% 1.34% 1.34% 1.34% 1.00% 1.34% 1.33% 1.33% 1.33% 1.33%
1961 1.71% 1.36% 1.36% 1.02% 1.02% 0.68% 1.35% 1.01% 1.35% 0.67% 0.67% 0.67%
1960 1.03% 1.73% 1.73% 1.72% 1.72% 1.72% 1.37% 1.37% 1.02% 1.36% 1.36% 1.36%
1959 1.40% 1.05% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.69% 0.69% 1.04% 1.38% 1.73% 1.38% 1.73%
1958 3.62% 3.25% 3.60% 3.58% 3.21% 2.85% 2.47% 2.12% 2.12% 2.12% 2.11% 1.76%
1957 2.99% 3.36% 3.73% 3.72% 3.70% 3.31% 3.28% 3.66% 3.28% 2.91% 3.27% 2.90%
1956 0.37% 0.37% 0.37% 0.75% 1.12% 1.87% 2.24% 1.87% 1.86% 2.23% 2.23% 2.99%
1955 -0.74% -0.74% -0.74% -0.37% -0.74% -0.74% -0.37% -0.37% 0.37% 0.37% 0.37% 0.37%
1954 1.13% 1.51% 1.13% 0.75% 0.75% 0.37% 0.37% 0.00% -0.37% -0.74% -0.37% -0.74%
1953 0.38% 0.76% 1.14% 0.76% 1.14% 1.13% 0.37% 0.75% 0.75% 1.12% 0.75% 0.75%
1952 4.33% 2.33% 1.94% 2.33% 1.93% 2.32% 3.09% 3.09% 2.30% 1.91% 1.14% 0.75%
1951 8.09% 9.36% 9.32% 9.32% 9.28% 8.82% 7.47% 6.58% 6.97% 6.50% 6.88% 6.00%
1950 -2.08% -1.26% -0.84% -1.26% -0.42% -0.42% 1.69% 2.10% 2.09% 3.80% 3.78% 5.93%
1949 1.27% 1.28% 1.71% 0.42% -0.42% -0.83% -2.87% -2.86% -2.45% -2.87% -1.65% -2.07%
1948 10.23% 9.30% 6.85% 8.68% 9.13% 9.55% 9.91% 8.89% 6.52% 6.09% 4.76% 2.99%
1947 18.13% 18.78% 19.67% 19.02% 18.38% 17.65% 12.12% 11.39% 12.75% 10.58% 8.45% 8.84%
1946 2.25% 1.69% 2.81% 3.37% 3.35% 3.31% 9.39% 11.60% 12.71% 14.92% 17.68% 18.13%
1945 2.30% 2.30% 2.30% 1.71% 2.29% 2.84% 2.26% 2.26% 2.26% 2.26% 2.26% 2.25%
1944 2.96% 2.96% 1.16% 0.57% 0.00% 0.57% 1.72% 2.31% 1.72% 1.72% 1.72% 2.30%
1943 7.64% 6.96% 7.50% 8.07% 7.36% 7.36% 6.10% 4.85% 5.45% 4.19% 3.57% 2.96%
1942 11.35% 12.06% 12.68% 12.59% 13.19% 10.88% 11.56% 10.74% 9.27% 9.15% 9.09% 9.03%
1941 1.44% 0.71% 1.43% 2.14% 2.86% 4.26% 5.00% 6.43% 7.86% 9.29% 10.00% 9.93%
1940 -0.71% 0.72% 0.72% 1.45% 1.45% 2.17% 1.45% 1.45% -0.71% 0.00% 0.00% 0.71%
1939 -1.41% -1.42% -1.42% -2.82% -2.13% -2.13% -2.13% -2.13% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
1938 0.71% 0.00% -0.70% -0.70% -2.08% -2.08% -2.76% -2.76% -3.42% -4.11% -3.45% -2.78%
1937 2.17% 2.17% 3.65% 4.38% 5.11% 4.35% 4.32% 3.57% 4.29% 4.29% 3.57% 2.86%
1936 1.47% 0.73% 0.00% -0.72% -0.72% 0.73% 1.46% 2.19% 2.19% 2.19% 1.45% 1.45%
1935 3.03% 3.01% 3.01% 3.76% 3.76% 2.24% 2.24% 2.24% 0.74% 1.48% 2.22% 2.99%
1934 2.33% 4.72% 5.56% 5.56% 5.56% 5.51% 2.29% 1.52% 3.03% 2.27% 2.27% 1.52%
1933 -9.79% -9.93% -10.00% -9.35% -8.03% -6.62% -3.68% -2.22% -1.49% -0.75% 0.00% 0.76%
1932 -10.06% -10.19% -10.26% -10.32% -10.46% -9.93% -9.93% -10.60% -10.67% -10.74% -10.20% -10.27%
1931 -7.02% -7.65% -7.69% -8.82% -9.47% -10.12% -9.04% -8.48% -9.64% -9.70% -10.37% -9.32%
1930 0.00% -0.58% -0.59% 0.59% -0.59% -1.75% -4.05% -4.62% -4.05% -4.62% -5.20% -6.40%
1929 -1.16% 0.00% -0.58% -1.17% -1.16% 0.00% 1.17% 1.17% 0.00% 0.58% 0.58% 0.58%
1928 -1.14% -1.72% -1.16% -1.16% -1.15% -2.84% -1.16% -0.58% 0.00% -1.15% -0.58% -1.16%
1927 -2.23% -2.79% -2.81% -3.35% -2.25% -0.56% -1.14% -1.15% -1.14% -1.14% -2.26% -2.26%
1926 3.47% 4.07% 2.89% 4.07% 2.89% 1.14% -1.13% -1.69% -1.13% -0.56% -1.67% -1.12%
1925 0.00% 0.00% 1.17% 1.18% 1.76% 2.94% 3.51% 4.12% 3.51% 2.91% 4.65% 3.47%
1924 2.98% 2.38% 1.79% 0.59% 0.59% 0.00% -0.58% -0.58% -0.58% -0.58% -0.58% 0.00%
1923 -0.59% -0.59% 0.60% 1.20% 1.20% 1.80% 2.38% 3.01% 3.61% 3.59% 2.98% 2.37%
1922 -11.05% -8.15% -8.74% -7.73% -5.65% -5.11% -5.08% -6.21% -5.14% -4.57% -3.45% -2.31%
1921 -1.55% -5.64% -7.11% -10.84% -14.08% -15.79% -14.90% -12.81% -12.50% -12.06% -12.12% -10.82%
1920 16.97% 20.37% 20.12% 21.56% 21.89% 23.67% 19.54% 14.69% 12.36% 9.94% 7.03% 2.65%
1919 17.86% 14.89% 17.14% 17.61% 16.55% 14.97% 15.23% 14.94% 13.38% 13.13% 13.50% 14.55%
1918 19.66% 17.50% 16.67% 12.70% 13.28% 13.08% 17.97% 18.46% 18.05% 18.52% 20.74% 20.44%
1917 12.50% 15.38% 14.29% 18.87% 19.63% 20.37% 18.52% 19.27% 19.82% 19.47% 17.39% 18.10%
1916 2.97% 4.00% 6.06% 6.00% 5.94% 6.93% 6.93% 7.92% 9.90% 10.78% 11.65% 12.62%
1915 1.00% 1.01% 0.00% 2.04% 2.02% 2.02% 1.00% -0.98% -0.98% 0.99% 0.98% 1.98%
1914 2.04% 1.02% 1.02% 0.00% 2.06% 1.02% 1.01% 3.03% 2.00% 1.00% 0.99% 1.00%

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